Fullness of Faith
From Jerome to Luther and on to modern times, translators of Holy Scripture have lamented the difficulty of their task. Indeed, I would not be surprised to learn that even the great Alexandrian Seventy—if only we had their diaries and private correspondence—also recorded complaints on this point.
A major problem—especially acute when the “receiving” language embodies a culture not yet influenced by the Bible—comes from the wealth of certain biblical expressions that have no entire equivalence in other tongues. Two such words, surely, are the noun pistis and the verb pistevo. The former is normally translated “faith” or “loyalty,” but in certain settings it also means “trust.” The verb, depending on the idiomatic context, can be rendered “to believe,” “to trust,” or “to maintain loyalty.”
Let us observe, however, that the difficulty arises only with respect to translation. In Greek itself, both the verb and the noun always contain all those meanings! The translator, guided mainly by the perceived context, is almost never able to convey the full sense of the original.
I mention a complex example that illustrates the problem: Paul writes to the Colossians, “We heard of your faith [pistis] in Christ Jesus and of the love [agape] which you have for all the saints” (1:4). Now, since the meaning of this text seems perfectly plain, where is the complexity? Where is the problem?
The problem, as I see it, does not arise until we compare this verse to another verse Paul wrote—perhaps just a few days later—in the Epistle to the Ephesians. For the purpose of introducing this discussion, I begin with the wording found in the New King James Version: “I heard of your faith [pistis] in the Lord Jesus and your love [agape] for all the saints” (1:15). This seems to correspond exactly to the sense of Colossians 1:4.
Ah, but here comes the rub: This NKJV translation of Ephesians rests on a doubtful manuscript reading. According to the earliest textual evidence—the Chester Beatty papyrus (46), the Codex Sinaiticus, the Codex Vaticanus, the Boharic Coptic, and Origen—the proper reading of Ephesians 1:15 does not contain the word “love.” Its inclusion in other manuscripts seems to come from the influence of the text in Colossians. That is to say, Ephesians was apparently “corrected” to make it conform to Colossians, and the translator was delivered from a difficulty.
If the earlier textual sources are right on this particular, Ephesians 1:15 originally read, “I heard of your pistis in the Lord Jesus and unto all the saints.” Now, poor beleaguered translator, how are you going to render pistis? “Faith”? Yes, “faith,” but “faith” in what sense—as belief, as trust, or as loyalty?
This really is a problem of translation, because the Greek text itself is perfectly clear. It says pistis, a word that conveys all these senses at once, with no syntactical problem. “Faith in the Lord Jesus” means belief in Jesus’ lordship, trust in Jesus’ protection, and loyalty to Jesus’ person. “Faith . . . unto all the saints” especially conveys the sense of fidelity to the other Christians. In the context of Ephesians, all these ideas are contained in a single word, and the difficulty of translation consists in the sheer richness of that word.
Reciprocal Faith
If I seem overly concerned with this matter, let me confess the reason: For some time, it seems to me, there has prevailed among various Christians a lopsided emphasis on a single aspect of faith—faith as trust in God. Thus, “I believe [pistevo] in one God” means, “I place my trust and confidence in one God.”
Not for a minute, of course, do I challenge that sense of the expression. Another dimension of this formula is still missing, nonetheless. I think this line of the Creed means, not only, “I have faith in one God,” but also, “I keep faith unto one God; I am loyal to one God.” Indeed, the Creed’s preposition here, eis, which I have translated as “unto,” is identical to the wording in Ephesians 1:15, “faith unto all the saints.”
Patrick Henry Reardon is pastor emeritus of All Saints Antiochian Orthodox Church in Chicago, Illinois, and the author of numerous books, including, most recently, Out of Step with God: Orthodox Christian Reflections on the Book of Numbers (Ancient Faith Publishing, 2019).
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