Bobos, but Not Paradise

by Ken Myers

My favorite thinkers are “Big Picture” thinkers. Reading their books, one finds insights into the connections between aspects of life that are too often treated in piecemeal fashion. In such books, trends in the arts are correlated with developments in technology, characteristic changes in the structure of relationships are shown to have links with patterns of international trade, and secular political movements are discovered to have a kinship with theological speculation or liturgical practices.

Some Big Picture thinkers are misleading and foolish, especially when they trace all undesirable phenomena to a single cause (Jews, communists, the pope, Protestants, big business, technology, and the abandonment of the gold standard have all served in this role). Such ideologues typically impose a predetermined framework on history and experience without taking the time to understand the internal logic and meaning of specific events, trends, or institutions. Their books tend to sell in huge numbers for a brief time; then—not too many years later—they are relegated to tables in used bookstores, having survived, at best, as a source of curiosity or amusement, or, more darkly, as an embarrassed reminder of some exhausted enthusiasm.

A Rage Against Order

But there are Big Picture thinkers whose work seems to become deeper and more insightful over time. I think that Daniel Bell will come to be seen as one such figure. When he died in January of this year, Sam Tanenhaus, editor of the New York Times Book Review, claimed that Bell “was heir to the vanishing tradition of systematizers or master builders—Hegel and Marx, Durkheim and Weber, Freud and Nietzsche, Dewey and Veblen.” As befits such a thinker, Bell’s major books “contain whole libraries of thought, ancient and modern, on philosophy, sociology and psychology, economics and technology, history and law, with excursions into literary theory and computer science.”

The volume by Daniel Bell that has most influenced my own perception of the meaning of our times is his 1976 book The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism. I know of no other book that outlines more compellingly the trajectory of American cultural changes through the twentieth century, especially the way in which all social, political, and cultural life came to be dominated by a “rage against order.” Order of any kind—cosmic, legal, customary—had to be fought because order restrained the sovereign selves that were the organizing reality of modern culture.

The “contradiction” in the book’s title comes from Bell’s observation that in early capitalist societies, self-control and delayed gratification were significant features of the ideal character:

The unrestrained economic impulse was held in check by Puritan restraint and the Protestant ethic. One worked because of one’s obligation to one’s calling, or to fulfill the covenant of the community. But the Protestant ethic was undermined not by modernism but by capitalism itself. The greatest single engine in the destruction of the Protestant ethic was the invention of the installment plan, or instant credit. Previously one had to save in order to buy. But with credit cards one could indulge in instant gratification.

But instant credit wasn’t the sole culprit. Throughout the twentieth century, numerous interlocking technical, social, and economic developments created a climate in which the self-denial once central to capitalist societies was replaced by hedonism. A social order geared toward a productive way of life was disappearing, and, in its place,

a consumption society was emerging, with its emphasis on spending and material possessions, and it was undermining the traditional value system, with its emphasis on thrift, frugality, self-control, and impulse renunciation. Integral to both social changes was a technological revolution, which, through the automobile, the motion picture, and the radio, broke down rural isolation and for the first time fused the country into a common culture and a national society. This social transformation was responsible for the end of Puritanism as a set of practices that could support the traditional value system.

As Bell explains the twentieth century’s trajectory, the material success of capitalism—sustained by the frugal and conservative bourgeois character—led to the exaltation of the bohemian ideals of self-expression and the repudiation of all boundaries and limits. The ideal of self-denial gave way to an ideal of self-fulfillment and the acceptance “of the idea of social change and personal transformation, [giving] legitimacy to those who would innovate and lead the way, in culture as well as in production.”

At the beginning of the twentieth century, skeptics, anarchists, and free thinkers who loudly insisted that nothing was sacred were regarded as threats to the system of economic productivity. By the end of the century, ideas celebrating individual autonomy and the absence of limits to fulfillment were the engine driving the economy and the explicit theme of countless advertising campaigns.

A Sense of the Sacred

Bell acknowledges that, without the restraining effect of religion, the idea of liberty that once informed capitalism and democracy was in danger of giving way to an ideal of liberation that celebrated hedonism as the highest good. “Though bourgeois society approved of rampant individualism in economics, it feared the excesses of self in culture, and sought to inhibit them.” But such inhibition is no longer tolerable, in part because of the marginalization of confident religious convictions.

In 1978, Bell wrote a new Foreword to the paperback edition of Cultural Contradictions. In 1996, when a Twentieth Anniversary Edition was published, he wrote a new Afterword, taking stock of developments in the two decades since he wrote the book. At the end of each of these additional chapters, he reflected on the role of religion in culture. He wrote in 1978 that religion “for me is the fulcrum of the book.” And in 1996 he wrote, “For me, religion is not the sphere of God or of the gods. It is the sense, a necessary one, of the sacred, of what is beyond us and cannot be transgressed.”

Bell’s expression of the cultural necessities of limits, of the affirmation of reverence, is reminiscent of passages in other critics of the acids of modernity, such as Philip Rieff, George Steiner, and Leszek Kolakowski. Bell seemed to long for a recovery of the sacred without the actual presence of God. The more entrenched our nihilism becomes, the more such a hope is revealed to be a denial of reality. •

Ken Myers is the host and producer of the Mars Hill Audio Journal. Formerly an arts editor with National Public Radio, he also served as editor of Eternity, the Evangelical monthly magazine, and This World, the quarterly predecessor to First Things. He also serves as music director at All Saints Anglican Church in Ivy, Virginia. He is a contributing editor for Touchstone.

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