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Cyborgs in Hell?
Patrick B. Whalen on Virtual Reality versus Real Personality
In the Inferno, before Dante enters the hardened iron walls of the city of Dis, walls hardened much like the wills of the sinners punished within, he crosses the third circle of hell in a gloomy downpour. This is the part of hell reserved for those who committed various sins of incontinence. One could make a joke correlating physical incontinence with the downpour, but I think it is safe to say that Dante is here concerned with moral incontinence, which Thomas Aquinas describes as a failure to curb one's passion for things from which it is praiseworthy to refrain.
These are not, I'm afraid, heroic sinners—sinners who impress and awe the reader with the scope and audacity of their crimes. They are not sinners like Farinata, who scorns his infernal punishment the way a salty old campaigner scorns the discomforts of the siege; or like Ulysses, whose charisma even in hell is nearly irresistible as he rehearses to Virgil his final moments on earth.
No, the third circle is for that troop of incontinents called gluttons—the sinners who simply needed more self-control. Wading with Virgil through the slush of these dead souls, Dante is accosted by one of them, who pleads with Dante to remember him, implying that they knew one another on earth. Dante is willing enough, but he can't seem to recognize the importuning glutton. The soul tells Dante that his name was Ciacco, a man Dante did indeed know on earth, but after a brief exchange, Ciacco's eyes lose focus and he falls back among the mass of anonymous and mediocre sinners.
Reduced to Slush
Why does Dante fail to recognize his fellow Florentine Ciacco? Elsewhere in the Commedia Dante is quick to identify old friends and enemies when he sees them, however changed their appearance might be. But there is something particular in his encounter with Ciacco that hinders recognition.
Dante's famous technique for imagining the punishments of the damned—a technique called contrapasso—consists of showing the sinner suffering an imitation or inversion of his dominant and defining sin. In the case of the gluttons, Dante's contrapasso has them wallowing in a filthy, frigid, monotonous rain, their bodies forming an indistinct mass. And, as the Ciacco incident indicates, even their features are eroded into an amorphous blob.
As usual in Dante, the punishment fits the crime. Thomas Aquinas describes the sins of incontinence as those in which the boundary of reason is transgressed; the sinner plunges into "shameful pleasure" with no self-denial or capacity for renunciation. Naturally, without boundaries and limits, which are things that define us, we expand amoeba-like into whatever is easy, attractive, and at hand. But far from facilitating a liberating and exciting expansion of the self, these sins of incontinence are monotonous and deadening like the snowy rain in the third circle; they reduce the upright person to human slush carpeting the floor of hell, and they erase one's individuality down to the last line etched in a weathered human face.
Perhaps a contemporary rendering of the Inferno would depict the third circle's amorphous slush of humanity as an anonymous crowd of smartphone addicts droning through life like cyborgs. It is tempting to think that no one would willingly choose a fate like Ciacco's, but then, what are we doing with our smartphones? A cyborg dystopia actually corresponds closely to Dante's third circle, and smartphone addiction is a perfect example of capitulation to incontinence.
The smartphone serves as a portal to the virtual world—a world without borders, where everything is always at hand. It is one of the more prominent accidents of the expansion of digital and cyber technologies in recent decades that the borders of "what is at hand" have receded to a distant horizon, driven by the twin engines of appetite and discontent. Parts of academia have gentrified this age-old human intolerance of boundaries by developing so-called Cyborg Theory, in which the chronically discontented turn to machines and virtual reality in an explicit aspiration for androgyny and other erasures of identity. The merger of the human and the machine, for which Donna Haraway so devoutly wished in her 1984 "Cyborg Manifesto," was to free us from the burdens of sex, gender, and essence, so that we could truly resemble Ciacco and his milieu.
How We Get Features
But if we are to be human rather than cyborg, we'll have to live within the borders of our nature. Perhaps paradoxically, within those borders we are most free to articulate and cultivate our personalities. Within those borders we can develop striking and beautiful features. It is continence, the acknowledgement of natural borders and limitations and the discipline to shape ourselves accordingly, that allows for authentic humanity in a "post-human" age. On the other hand, virtual reality's nearly infinite possibilities encourage us to remain shapeless in the flaccid pursuit of . . . whatever. Virtual reality allows one to cultivate an artificial personality with none of the sacrifices that real personality requires.
According to Dante's reasoning, a person's features—and not, of course, just his physical features—emerge as a consequence of his experience of the real and his exercise of the self-denial that real circumstances occasion. But the articulation of our distinctive features cannot occur as long as we give in to our predilection to suspend ourselves in the amniotic fluid of virtual reality, a kind of permanent placenta in which the jolts of the real world scarcely register. The proliferation of opportunities to immerse ourselves in virtual reality makes it possible for us to indulge our most minute appetites, but it also leaves us with an underdeveloped physiognomy, as it were, with no features carved by renunciation into our human matter. With immediate satisfaction ever at our fingertips, what shape do we have?
Patrick B. Whalen is the founding headmaster of St. Martin's Academy, a farm-based boarding high school for boys in Kansas. He served on active duty in the Marine Corps for nine years and has published poetry, translations, and essays in a variety of journals and books.
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